War and Weapons of the Iberians: Current Status In this study we systematically review the new research undertaken into weapons and war in the context of Iberian Culture since the 1996 Seminar on War in the Iberian and Celtiberian World that was held in the Casa de Velázquez and published in 2002. This meeting has been expressly designed to continue and update the work of its predecessor. We have reflected in greater depth on the actual nature of the documentation available and its limitations and possibilities, with particular attention to differences in space and time. We have also evaluated the problem of survivals in grave goods that might mask the evolution of weapon types. Considerable advance has also been made in the study of the beginning and end of the period, i. e., on the formative phase of the Iberian panoply in the First Iron Age and the variations that occurred in the era of Republican Rome. New types of weapons have been discovered in the Iberian world and progress has been made in various aspects of Typology in types such as helmets, disc cuirasses, and swords from the early Iberian world and greaves. Comprehensive attempts have been made to classify horse harnesses and spurs, but metallurgical and technological analyses, despite some specific publications, still remain to be done, although progress has been made, particularly on the subject of artificial coatings with magnetite. However, major advances have been made in relation to weapons from contexts previously little studied, such as settlements and shrines, because the focus of the research has in the past been mainly on cemeteries. The first all-inclusive models have been proposed for the forms and conceptions of war in the Iberian world, very different from the old primitivist conceptions. This is also true of a new study of the tactics and training of armies: the old model of the »Hispanic guerrilla« has been superseded, and a great deal of work has been done on the cavalry. A major debate has been taking place on siege warfare and the role of fortifications, and in recent years new hypotheses have been proposed on Hispanic mercenary forces in the Mediterranean. Finally, new forms of research have emerged, such as gender studies relating to contexts in which weapons appear, and associating their study with osteological analysis. The archaeology of the battlefields of the Second Punic War is providing new results and perspectives, and so too is urban archaeology in contexts of violent destruction, which document the effects of war on non-combatants.

Tirant, 24 (2021), pp. 231-234

We analyze the different weapons adopted by the Republican Roman Army, highlighting the gladius hispaniensis, the pugio and the pilum. All these weapons have been considered by some scholars, at one point or another, to have been of Hispanic origin

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza el fenómeno de la concesión de licencias de armas por parte de la monarquía castellana durante los últimos años del siglo xv, atendiendo a las motivaciones esgrimidas por los solicitantes, a las condiciones que se consideraban para su obtención y a su vínculo con la conformación de grupos armados y con el papel del sistema judicial. En virtud de ello, las 345 licencias de armas concedidas por el Consejo Real de Castilla que son objeto de estudio permiten aproximarnos a problemáticas como la de la criminalidad y el uso de las armas, los mecanismos establecidos de regulación de los conflictos sociales y los límites de la justicia. Los salvoconductos para transitar con cascos, broqueles, puñales o espadas nos sitúan en un escenario social apasionante, en el que convivían las presiones vecinales-la necesidad de mantener la fama; la honra en el ejercicio del derecho a la ven-ganza-, las ansias de riqueza y la desesperación por sobrevivir. Palabras clave: licencias de armas, Castilla, siglo xv, violencia, criminalidad, Consejo Real. CRIMINALITY, PROTECTION AND GUN LICENSES IN LATE MIDDLE AGES CASTILE Abstract This paper analyses the granting of arms licenses by the Castilian monarchy in the last years of the fifteenth century. It refers to issues such as motivations given by the applicants, conditions considered for obtaining them, their relations with development of armed groups and the role of the judicial system. 345 weapons licenses granted by the Royal Council studied allow us to approach problem of violence and use of weapons, regulation mechanisms of social conflict and limits of the royal justice in the Castilian Middle Ages. Documents for walking with helmets, broaches, daggers or swords put us in an exciting social setting, where coexisted desperation to survive with neighbourhood pressures-honour in the exercise of revenge-and desire for wealth-that led to forgive a death in exchange for a good bag of money- .

The fabricae system was not developed in Republican times, and it seems that the Roman State did not provide weapons and clothing for its troops before the last decades of the second century BC. However, during the far-flung and prolonged campaigns in Hispania, first against the Carthaginians and later against Iberians, Celtiberians and Lusitanians, the Roman armies needed a constant supply of weapons and military equipment to replace lost and worn-out items. We believe that most of them –and specially offensive arms- were not brought form Italy, but that they were requisitioned or forged in the Iberian Peninsula, even by local artisans at bases such as Tarraco or Carthago Nova. The key to this lies in the high compatibility between Roman and Iberian weapons of the period, specially regarding offensive weapons ane even oval shields, that would make local production for the legions much easier. This would also explain the ease with wich Romans could adopt the gladius hispaniensis, the pugio and probably other items of military equipment such as soliferrea and saga.

Resumen: En este trabajo se estudia el uso de las armerías al servicio de la lucha por el poder, en la España de la Edad Moderna. He escogido el caso concreto del interesante conflicto antiseñorial desarrollado en la ciudad de Lucena (Córdoba), durante el siglo XVIII y principios del XIX. El enfrentamiento de la oligarquía lucentina con el duque de Medinaceli tuvo tres manifestaciones principales, que fueron: el pleito de reversión del señorío a la Corona; el litigio por el carácter sacramental del nuevo sagrario de la parroquia local, frente al viejo sagrario, que había sido realizado por el señor de Lucena; y la disputa por el patronato reli-gioso de Lucena, entre los partidarios de san Jorge, y los de la Virgen de Araceli, vinculada a la Casa de Medinaceli. En estos tres conflictos, aunque especialmente en el último de ellos, las armerías tuvieron un destacado protagonismo, sirviendo tanto para marcar la jurisdicción de la ciudad, como para ofrecer una legitimación ideológico-religiosa de la oligarquía triunfante. Palabras clave: armerías, lucha antiseñorial, duque de Medinaceli, Lucena. Abstract: In this paper I analyze the use of coats of arms in the service of the dispute for power in Spain during the Early Modern Age. I have chosen the specific case of the interesting process of fight against the Duke of Medinaceli in the town of Lucena (Córdoba), during the 18 th and early 19 th centuries. The confrontation of the Lucentine oligarchy against the Duke had three main manifestations, which were: the lawsuit for the reversion of the lordship of Lucena to the crown; the litigation for the sacramental character of the new tabernacle of the local parish, against the old one, made by the Duke's ancestors; and the dispute over the religious patronage of Lucena, between the supporters of St. George, and those of the Virgin of Araceli, linked to the Duke. In these three conflicts, but especially in the latter, the coats of arms had a prominent role, serving both to mark the jurisdiction of the town, and to offer an ideological and religious legitimacy of the triumphant oligarchy. Key words: coats of arms, dispute against lordship, Duke of Medinaceli, Lucena.